翻译：hardstick 校订：hardstick 时间轴：hardstick
- [Narrator] For those in power or vying for it,there can be no rest. -[旁白]对于那些掌握权力或争夺权力的人来说，他们不能休息。
(Henry VII battle cries) [亨利七世发出战吼]
Over centuries, kings and queens are crowned,overthrown, imprisoned,reinstated and murdered. 几个世纪以来，国王和王后被加冕、被推翻、被监禁、被复辟和被谋杀。
- [Dr. Emmerson] If this had been the work of fiction, we would think it was pushing credulity. -[埃默森博士]如果这是虚构的作品，我们会认为这是在故意让人轻信。
- [Dr. Norton] He still did not have a legitimate male heir. -[诺顿博士]他仍然没有合法的男性继承人。
- [Dr. Emmerson] And I think this is the beginning of the end. -[埃默森博士]而我认为这就是终结的开始。
- [Narrator] This is a dangerous game of strategy, cunning and deception. -[旁白]这是一场充满战略、狡猾和欺骗的危险游戏。
- [Dr. Norton] Mary is undoubtedly the biggest threat to Elizabeth. -[诺顿博士]玛丽无疑是伊丽莎白最大的威胁。
- [Narrator] Dynasties will rise and fall all in answer to the ever present question that fueled civil war and blood feuds, -[旁白]朝代的兴衰都是为了回答一个永恒的问题，就是它引发了内战和血仇，
which pitted brother against brother, 兄弟之间相争，
father against son,cousin against cousin. 父子之间相争，表姐妹之间相争。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Family who killed one another. -[埃默森博士]一家人之间互相残杀。
- [Narrator] Who will wear the bloody crown of England? -[旁白]谁将戴上英格兰血腥的王冠?
- [Henry VIII] I am the king,I am the king! -[亨利八世]我是国王，我是国王！
- [Dr. Norton] There was no dynasty like the Tudor dynasty for drama. -[诺顿博士]没有哪个朝代，像都铎王朝那样，崇尚戏剧。
- It's this wretched thing! -就是这可恶的东西!
- [Narrator] This is The Game of Crowns. -[旁白]这就是，王冠的游戏。
王冠的游戏，都铎家族的故事 翻译：hardstick 校订：hardstick 时间轴：hardstick
It's 1484, civil war has raged on in England for almost half a century. 1484年，内战在英格兰肆虐了近半个世纪。
Richard III, who's rumored to have killed his infant nephews, 根据谣传，理查三世杀害了两个年幼的两个侄子，
the rightful heirs to the throne after imprisoning them in the Tower of London, 他们是合法的王位继承人，被囚禁在伦敦塔，并惨遭杀害，
sits on the throne safe behind castle walls in London. 他俩的叔父坦然坐上了，伦敦城堡的城墙后的，英格兰王位。
He is yet to learn that 250 miles west of the capital, 他还不知道，在首都以西250英里处，
a young man is about to land on the craggy Pembrokeshire coast, 一个年轻人，即将在陡峭的彭布罗克郡海岸登陆，
an army of French mercenaries in tow. 跟随他的是一支法国的雇佣军。
He is about to set his sights on the very throne Richard III has battled and butchered his way onto. 他即将把目光投向，理查三世通过战斗和屠杀得来的王位。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Now his claim to the throne was rather tenuous. -[埃默森博士]现在他对王位的要求，是相当脆弱的。
His father was the illegitimate son of Catherine of Valois and a relationship with an Owen Tudor. 他的父亲，是“瓦卢瓦的凯瑟琳”的私生子，与欧文·都铎家族有关系。
So not only was his claim an illegitimate one, but it also only came through his mother. 所以他的要求不仅是非法的，而且是通过他的母亲提出的。
The odds really were stacked against Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth. 在博斯沃思战役中，亨利·都铎的胜算非常大。
Not only did Richard III have the support of the nobles 理查三世不仅有贵族的支持，和一支庞大的军队，
and a much larger army, he was also a seasoned warrior, 他还是一名经验丰富的战士，
whereas Henry Tudor had much less experience. 而亨利都铎经验少得多。
But the battle was really decided by the Stanley brothers who held back their troops of around 6,000 但这场战斗，实际上是由斯坦利兄弟决定的，他们把大约6000人的军队留了下来，
and waited to see which side was likely going to win. 等着看，哪一方可能会赢。
They then joined and fought alongside Henry Tudor. 然后，他们加入并与亨利.都铎，并肩作战。
- [Narrator] On the battlefield at Bosworth, -[旁白]在博斯沃思的战场上，
two armies clashed to decide who will sit on the throne. 两支军队为决定谁坐王位，而发生冲突。
On the battlefield at Bosworth, 在博斯沃思战场上，
a king will die caught in the fray of soldiers,swords and horses hooves. 一位国王将死于士兵、刀剑和马蹄的混战中。
On the battlefield at Bosworth, 在博斯沃思战场上，
a king will emerge triumphant and go on to found one of the greatest dynasties in British history. 一位国王将取得胜利，并建立起英国历史上，最伟大的王朝之一。
His name is Henry Tudor. 他的名字是，亨利.都铎。
Born January the 28th, 1457 to Margaret Beaufort and Owen Tudor in Pembrokeshire, 1457年1月28日，由彭布罗克郡的玛格丽特·博福特和欧文·都铎所生的亨利，
Henry's claim to the throne is a tenuous one. 他对王位的要求，是脆弱的。
- Henry VII had a very difficult hereditary claim to the throne, of which he was well aware. -亨利七世对王位的世袭要求，非常牵强，他很清楚这一点。 （伊丽莎白.诺顿博士，都铎时期历史学家，作者）
It was almost no claim at all. 它都几乎算不上什么诉求。
- [Narrator] He becomes king in 1485 when King Richard III is slain at the battle of Bosworth field. -[旁白]1485年，国王理查三世在博斯沃思战役中被杀，亨利成为国王。
He is crowned King Henry VII of England on October the 30th. 10月30日，他被加冕为英格兰国王，亨利七世。
Knowing that many of the nobles surrounding him have a stronger claim to the throne than he does, 亨利知道，他周围的许多贵族，都比他更有资格继承王位，
Henry is endlessly paranoid. 所以，他总是疑心重重。
His reign is one of terror. 他的统治是恐怖的。
- He very much rules with an iron fist. -他执政非常铁腕。
People are scared of Henry VII and he rules through finances. 人们害怕亨利七世，他通过控制财政来统治。
Very cunningly, he dates his accession to the throne to the day before Bosworth field 他非常狡猾地，将自己登基的日期，定在博斯沃思战役的前一天，
and that means that anyone who fought for Richard III 这意味着，任何为理查三世而战的人，
was actually committing treason against their lawful king of England, 实际上，都是在背叛他们的合法英格兰国王，
which means of course he can seize their property or say that they owe him money. 这意味着，他当然可以没收他们的财产，或者说他们欠他的钱。
And this very much keeps nobility in line, but he doesn't rule through love. 这在很大程度上，保持了贵族的地位，但他不是通过仁爱来统治的。
- [Narrator] A key part of establishing the Tudor dynasty on the throne is Henry's marriage to Elizabeth, -[旁白]建立都铎王朝的一个关键部分，是亨利和伊丽莎白的婚姻，
the heiress to the House of York in a union which unites the two warring families as one. 伊丽莎白是约克家族的女继承人，这次联姻，将两个交战的家族，团结为一体。
- And the House of York had always used the symbol of the white rose and we see it all the time in Yorkist iconography. -约克家族一直使用白玫瑰作为象征，我们在“约克派”的肖像中，经常看到它。
The house of Lancaster had on occasion used a red rose symbol and Henry very cleverly actually, 兰开斯特家族有时会用红玫瑰作为标志，亨利很聪明地
noted these two symbols and created the Tudor rose, 注意到了这两个标志，并创造了“都铎玫瑰”，
which is a red and white rose and which symbolized the union of the House of Lancaster and the House of York. 这是一种红白相间的玫瑰，象征着兰开斯特家族和约克家族的结合。
- [Narrator] Henry knew that any children they should have would be of both the Lancastrian and the York line, —[旁白]亨利知道，他们的孩子将会是，兰开斯特家族和约克家族的后代，
ending in perpetuity the wars of the roses. 这将永远结束“玫瑰战争”。
They have a successful marriage and no less than seven children are born, 他们婚姻美满，至少生了七个孩子，
securing the next generation in the Tudor dynasty. 确保了都铎王朝的下一代。
- [Dr. Norton] Prince Arthur is their eldest and he is the future of the dynasty. -[诺顿博士]亚瑟王子是他们的长子，他是这个王朝的未来。
- Arthur, Prince of Wales,was supposed to be the heir that succeeded to Henry Tudor -威尔士亲王亚瑟被认为是亨利·都铎的继承人，
and much hope and expectation lay on his shoulders. 很多希望和期待，都压在了他的肩上。 （欧文.埃默森博士，都铎历史学家）
- He wants to use ideas of the legendary king of the Britons, -他想借用传说中的不列颠国王，
because of course the Tudors are Welsh, 因为都铎王朝是威尔士人，
the descendants of the Britons. 是不列颠人的后裔。
So Arthur is named Arthur,to reference King Arthur and he's raised in his own household and he's raised to become a king. 所以亚瑟的被命名，与亚瑟王有关，他在自己的家庭中长大，长大后成为国王。
- [Dr. Emmerson] He was the Prince of Wales. - [埃默森博士]他是威尔士亲王。
He therefore set up court at Ludlow. 因此，他在勒德洛建立了王宫。
In order to secure the realm and to have alliances with other countries, 为了确保王国的安全，并与其他国家结盟，
he was also married to the Infanta of Spain, 他还娶了西班牙公主，
Catherine of Aragon. 阿拉贡的凯瑟琳。
Tragically their marriage was to be a short lived one 不幸的是，他们的婚姻是短暂的，
for Arthur contracted the sweating sickness 因为亚瑟感染了“出汗症”，
and died suddenly in 1502. 并于1502年突然去世。
- [Dr. Norton] This is devastating both for Henry and for Elizabeth. -[诺顿博士]这对亨利和伊丽莎白来说，都是毁灭性的打击。
- [Narrator] All of his father's hopes are undone in his eldest son's death -[旁白]他父亲所有的希望，都在长子的死后破灭了，
and must now rely upon his only remaining male heir, 现在，必须依靠他唯一剩下的男性继承人：
Prince Henry. 亨利王子。
- Everything changed for Henry when Arthur died. -亚瑟死后，亨利的一切都变了。
- He is the second son of Henry's VII and Elizabeth York. -他是亨利七世和伊丽莎白·约克的次子。
- From having been the spare, he was now the heir -他从曾经的“备选”继承人，现在成了继承人，
and all of England's hopes rested upon his shoulders. 整个英国的希望，都落在了他的肩上
- And he's always intended to be a great nobleman, -他一直想成为一个伟大的贵族，
but of course isn't raised to become king. 但当然，并不是为了成为国王。
He's declared Prince of Wales 他被宣布为威尔士亲王，
and he now becomes the sole focus of his father's ambitions and his father's efforts, 现在，他成了他父亲野心和努力的唯一焦点，
because his father has no brothers, 因为，他的父亲没有兄弟，
he has no other surviving sons. 他没有其他幸存的儿子。
So Henry VIII is the future of the Tudor Dynasty. 所以，亨利八世是都铎王朝的未来。
- [Narrator] Henry VII died in 1509, leaving the throne to his 17 year old son, now Henry VIII. [旁白]亨利七世死于1509年，把王位留给他17岁的儿子，也就是现在的亨利八世。
- Henry VII was never a popular king. -亨利七世从来不是一个受欢迎的国王。
Most of his court feared him, 他的大部分的廷臣都害怕他，
so on his death there is a sense of celebration, you know, 所以在他死后，人们都在庆祝，
of joy that England is now gonna get this young and charismatic king. 大家都很高兴，英格兰迎来了这位，年轻而有魅力的国王。
Henry VIII very much resembled his grandfather, 亨利八世很像他的外祖父，爱德华四世，
Edward IV who'd been very, very popular and there is a real sense of hope for the future. 爱德华四世非常，非常受欢迎，人们对未来充满希望。
He's seen as a true renaissance prince. 他被视为真正的“文艺复兴王子”。
He's highly educated, he's incredibly good looking. 他受过高等教育，长得非常英俊。
The young Henry VIII was described as so beautiful, he'd make a pretty woman. 年轻的亨利八世，被描述得如此俊美，他会成为一个漂亮的“女人”。
- [Dr. Emmerson] He was very much conversant in the language of courtly love. -[埃默森博士]他非常精通，宫廷中的“甜言蜜语”。
He enjoyed singing,dancing, composing music, and also playing instruments. 他喜欢唱歌、跳舞、作曲和演奏乐器。
- He's athletic, he's very into his sports. -他很健壮，他非常专注于运动。
He's very muscular and well built. He's very, very tall. 他肌肉发达，体格健壮。他非常，非常得高。
He is a king of which England can be proud 他是英格兰值得骄傲的国王，
and there is very much celebration at his accession to the throne in 1509. 1509年他登基时，人们举行了很多庆祝活动。
- [Dr. Emmerson] When Henry VIII ascended to the throne, - [埃默森博士]当亨利八世登基时，
one of his first acts was to ask his brother's widow, 他的第一件事，就是请求他哥哥的遗孀，
Catherine of Aragon, for her hand in marriage. 即：阿拉贡的凯瑟琳，准予他提出的求婚。
- [Narrator] However, to marry,the new king has to gain a special dispensation from the Pope in Rome. -[旁白]然而，要结婚，新国王必须获得罗马教皇的特别许可。
The Pope approves this and Henry and Catherine are wed and crowned King and Queen of England, 教皇同意了，亨利和凯瑟琳结婚，并加冕为英格兰国王和王后，
strengthening once again England's alliance with Spain and the rest of Catholic Europe. 再次加强了，英格兰与西班牙，和其他欧洲天主教国家的联盟。
- [Dr. Norton] When she marries Henry VIII after several years of waiting, -[诺顿博士]当她经过几年的等待，嫁给亨利八世时，
she must have felt that all her prayers have been answered. 她一定觉得，她所有的祈祷，都得到了回应。
He is incredibly good looking and undoubtedly Catherine fell deeply in love with Henry. 他长得非常英俊，毫无疑问，凯瑟琳深深地爱上了亨利。
Catherine of Aragon was raised her whole life to be queen. 阿拉贡的凯瑟琳，从小就被培养成王后。
Both her parents are monarchs. 她的父母都是君主。
Her mother is Isabella of Castile 她的母亲是卡斯蒂利亚的伊莎贝拉，
and her father is Ferdinand, King of Aragon. 她的父亲是阿拉贡国王费迪南德。
So she's incredibly royal. 所以，她是非常高贵的。
- She was wily and determined and also courageous. -她深思熟虑，意志坚定，也很勇敢。
Catherine in many ways was an ideal queen consort. 凯瑟琳在很多方面，都是一位理想的王后。
She was supportive of Henry and his many campaigns abroad, 她支持亨利，和他在国外的许多战役，
but she was also happy to be subservient to him. 但她也心甘情愿地委身于他。
She was a loyal wife to Henry and also expected loyalty back. 她是亨利的忠实妻子，也希望得到亨利对她的忠诚回报。
- [Narrator] Catherine proves herself to be a good wife and a great queen. -[旁白]凯瑟琳证明了自己是一个好妻子，和一个伟大的王后。
Henry adores her and the country follows suit. 亨利崇拜她，全国人民也跟着崇拜她。
She fulfills all her duties as queen,save one, 她履行了作为女王的所有职责，除了一项，
securing a male heir. 确保生出一位男性继承人。
- [Dr. Emmerson] For the first 10 years of her life married to Henry, -[埃默森博士]在她嫁给亨利的头十年里，
Catherine spent most of it pregnant 凯瑟琳大部分时间，都在怀孕，
and tragically,out of six children, 不幸的是，她生了六个孩子，
only one was to survive. 只有一个活了下来。
In 1516, after many years of sadly losing children, 1516年，在经历了多年的丧子之痛之后，
Catherine of Aragon gave birth to a daughter who was christened Mary. 阿拉贡的凯瑟琳生下了一个女儿，取名为玛丽。
Now it is often stated that Henry was disappointed at the birth of a daughter, 人们常说，亨利对女儿的出生，感到失望，
but actually I think we have evidence 但事实上，我认为，我们有证据表明，
that he was relieved that at last a child was surviving 他终于松了一口气，因为终于有一个孩子，
into its infancy. 活到了婴儿期。
- And while for Catherine, as the daughter of a female sovereign, 而对凯瑟琳来说，作为一位女性君主的女儿，
the idea of a reigning queen is not so alien. 成为在位女王的想法，并不陌生。
For Henry, coming out of the wars of the roses, 对于亨利来说，他从“玫瑰战争”中可以看出，
it is a terrifying prospect. 这将是一个可怕的前景。
- [Narrator] With Catherine six years older than Henry and nearing middle age,the king begins to worry. -[旁白]凯瑟琳比亨利大六岁，接近中年，国王开始担心起来。
With only one daughter and no legitimate sons, 都铎王朝只有一个女儿，没有合法的儿子，
the succession of the Tudor dynasty is not yet assured. 王位的继承还不确定。
The king prays and prays, 国王不停地祈祷，
asking God for a son and for a wife who could give him one. 祈求上帝赐给他一个儿子，和一个能给他生儿子的妻子。
In his wife's gaggle of ladies in waiting, 在他妻子的一群侍女中，
he finds the answer to his prayers. 他找到了他祈祷的答案。
A young, fertile and beautiful woman named Anne Boleyn. 一个年轻的、育龄的、美丽的女人，名叫安妮·博林。
Henry had many mistresses during his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, 在亨利与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳结婚期间，他有过很多情妇，
but Anne was a wily woman and does not want to fall victim to every whim and wish of the King, 但安妮是一个老谋深算的女人，她不希望成为国王每一个心血来潮和愿望的牺牲品，
like many of his mistresses had, including her own sister Mary Boleyn. 就像他的许多情妇那样，包括她自己的姐姐，玛丽·博林。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Henry VIII was actually quite slow in his advances towards Anne Boleyn, 亨利八世对安妮·博林的追求，其实很漫长，
who joined his court in 1522. 她是在1522年来到他的宫廷中的。
He actually had a relationship with Anne's sister,Mary Boleyn, in the interim years before he turned his attentions towards her. 在他对她倾心之前，他和她姐姐，玛丽.博林，有过一段感情。
But we know for certain by 1526, 但我们可以肯定的是，到1526年，
that Henry VIII was falling head over heels in love for Anne Boleyn. 亨利八世已经深深地爱上了安妮·博林。
- [Dr. Norton] Anne Boleyn had always looked for a good marriage, -[诺顿博士]安妮·博林一直在寻找美满的婚姻，
because marriage is a way towards social status for women. 因为，婚姻，是女性提高社会地位的一种方式。
There is no doubt that Henry adored Anne. 毫无疑问，亨利很崇拜安妮。
He loved her deeply. 他深深地爱着她。
In his letters he talks about being struck by the dart of love. 在他的信中，他谈到被“爱情之箭”射中。
- [Narrator] She is insistent if he was ever to have her, -[旁白]她坚持，如果他要拥有她，
it would be as his wife and queen. 就娶她为妻子，并册封王后。
- She favored the French fashions but also she was highly intelligent. -她喜欢法国时尚，但她也非常聪明。
She had been afforded an education 她所接受的教育
that was quite different to the women around her in England 与她周围的英格兰女性截然不同，
and she also had very radical religious ideas too. 她也有非常激进的宗教思想。
So she really rebuffed Henry's advances 所以，她真的就拒绝了亨利的求爱，
until she got to the point where 直到她明确地得到了
Henry offered her a legitimate path, 亨利给予她一条合法的途径，
a hand in marriage and a crown. 求婚之手和一顶王后冠。
- [Narrator] For the second time pertaining to his relationship with Catherine of Aragon, -[旁白]第二次改变他与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳的关系，
the King has to seek a special dispensation from the Pope. 国王不得不向教皇寻求特殊的豁免。
- [Dr. Emmerson] The only real way that Henry was going to be able to marry Anne was if -[埃默森博士]唯一能让亨利和安妮结婚的方法就是，
the Pope would annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. 教皇宣告，他和阿拉贡的凯瑟琳的婚姻无效。
And Anne and Henry knew that the best mechanism for achieving that end 安妮和亨利知道，实现这一目标的最佳途径
would be through the King's minister, Thomas Wolsey. 就是通过国王的使节，托马斯·沃尔西。
- [Narrator] At Henry's behest,Cardinal Wolsey travels to Rome, -[旁白]在亨利的命令下，沃尔西枢机主教前往罗马，
where he'll petition Pope Clement 他要去那里向教皇申诉，
to grant the annulment of the King's marriage to the Queen 让教皇宣布国王与王后的婚姻无效，
on the grounds that it was and had always been illegitimate. 理由是，基于这段婚姻，从头至尾都是非法的。
- [Dr. Norton] Anne and Henry place their hopes in Cardinal Wolsey -[诺顿博士]安妮和亨利把希望，寄托在红衣主教沃尔西身上，
and he was dispatched to Rome to try to bring about the annulment. 他被派往罗马，试图能带回教廷的取消令。
- [Narrator] The cardinal appeals to Pope Clement for an annulment of Henry and Catherine's marriage -[旁白]红衣主教向教皇克莱门特，请求取消亨利和凯瑟琳的婚姻，
on the basis that the initial dispensation was void as the marriage clearly disobeyed instructions 理由是最初的豁免是无效的，因为这段婚姻明显违反了
in the book of Leviticus, 圣经中《利未记》中的指示，
which states that the marriage of a brother's wife was incestuous and would bear no children. 《利未记》中规定，与兄弟的妻子的婚姻是乱伦的，不会生育孩子。
- [Dr. Norton] Henry wanted to annul his marriage to Catherine Aragon on the basis that she had been his brother's wife. -[诺顿博士]亨利想取消他与凯瑟琳·阿拉贡的婚姻，因为她是他哥哥的妻子。
So they're related to within the first degree of affinity, they are, as far as the church is concerned,brother and sister. 所以他们是一级亲缘关系，就教会而言，他们是兄弟姐妹。
- [Narrator] This became a matter of international tension. -[旁白] 这引起了国际关系的紧张。
Catherine's nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, 凯瑟琳的侄子，神圣的罗马皇帝，查尔斯五世，
is vehemently against the annulment, 强烈反对废除令，
as is Queen Catherine herself. 就像凯瑟琳王后本人一样。
Pressure comes from all sides for Pope Clement, 对教皇克莱门特来说，压力来自四面八方，
as Queen Catherine and King Charles V urge him not to annul the marriage 凯瑟琳王后和国王查理五世，敦促教皇，不要取消婚姻，
and Wolsey and Henry push for the dispensation to be made. 沃尔西和亨利，也在推动赦免令。
- [Dr. Norton] While the pope is in the emperor's power, -[诺顿博士]那时的罗马教皇，在神圣罗马帝国皇帝的掌控之下，
he will never grant the annulment of the Emperor's aunt's marriage. 教皇不会批准，皇帝姑姑的婚姻无效。
The English try, and Cardinal Wolsey tries, but he's in an impossible situation. 英格兰方面和枢机主教沃尔西都在努力，但教皇处于无能为力的状况之下。
He can never do it. 他永远也达不成这点。
He will never be able to annul this marriage. 他永远无法，取消这段婚姻。
- [Narrator] Caught between the wills of two powerful kings, -[旁白]被夹在两大有权势的国王的意志之间，
the Pope delays his decision as long as possible, 教皇尽可能拖延他的决定，
the indecision infuriating both Henry and Anne, 这种优柔寡断，激怒了亨利和安妮，
who begin to doubt Wolsey's loyalty to the crown over the church. 他们开始怀疑，沃尔西对王室的忠诚，高于对罗马教廷的忠诚。
Wolsey returns to England without the Pope's annulment. 沃尔西没有得到教皇的“废婚令”，就回到了英格兰。
- Wolsey ultimately fails to secure an annulment for Henry from his marriage to Catherine of Aragon -沃尔西最终未能确保，亨利与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳的婚姻无效，
and this leads to his dramatic fall. 这导致了他，“戏剧性”的垮台。
- [Narrator] Enraged by Wolsey's failure to secure the annulment, Wolsey is arrested. -[旁白] 由于沃尔西没能保证婚姻无效，沃尔西被逮捕了。
Henry turns to more drastic measures. 亨利采取了更严厉的措施。
Thomas Cromwell, one of Henry's key ministers at court, 托马斯·克伦威尔是亨利的重要大臣之一，
proposes a new plan to grant Henry's divorce, reformation. 提出了一个新计划，来批准亨利的离婚， 宗教改革。
- Henry knows that the Pope is not going to grant his annulment to his first queen, Catherine of Aragon. -亨利知道教皇不会让他的第一任王后，阿拉贡的凯瑟琳取消他的婚姻。
- There is no solution other than breaking away from the Pope. -除了与罗马天主教皇决裂，没有其他解决办法。
Because if the Pope will not grant the annulment, then perhaps the church needs to move from the Pope. 因为如果教皇不同意取消婚姻，那么也许英格兰教会，需要脱离教皇。
- And therefore he is greatly influenced by these new thinkers,including Anne Boleyn, -因此，他深受这些新思想家的影响，包括安妮·博林，
and taking the unprecedented step to break with the Church of Rome and to install himself as King, 他史无前例地与罗马教会决裂，正式任命他自己为英格兰国王，
as the head of his new church. 成为新教会的领袖。
- As soon as Thomas Cranmer is confirmed as Archbishop of Canterbury, -托马斯.克兰默一旦被确认为， 坎特伯雷大主教， （伊丽莎白.诺顿，都铎历史学家，作家）
he disavows his oath of allegiance to the Pope 他就会放弃效忠教皇的誓言，
and declares the English church separate from Rome 并宣布英格兰教会，脱离罗马，
with the King as its supreme head 以国王为最高领袖，
and this is the moment that the English church goes its own way. 这是英国教会，走上自己道路的时刻。
- [Dr. Emmerson] In order to do this, -[埃默森博士]为了做到这一点，
Henry actually elevates himself beyond kingship 亨利实际上超越了王权，
and proclaims that he is an Emperor of his own empire. 宣称自己，是自己帝国的“皇帝”。
This is really the beginnings of the British Empire. 这就是“大英帝国”的开端。
This is where it all begins. 这是一切开始的地方。
- [Narrator] Anne and Cromwell's shared reformist views make them indomitable allies. -[旁白] 安妮和克伦威尔共同的宗教改革观点，使他们成为不屈不挠的盟友。
And so begins to break from Rome, fueled more by political affair than theological dispute. 于是，脱离罗马教廷的开端，更多的成分是“政治事件”，而不是“神学争论”。
Having installed himself as the supreme head of this new church in England, 在成为英格兰这个新教会的最高领袖之后，
Henry grants his own divorce and begins preparations to marry Anne Boleyn. 亨利自己“批准”了自己的离婚，并开始准备迎娶安妮·博林。
Catherine is given the title, The Dowager Princess. 凯瑟琳被授予了，“威尔士亲王太妃”的封号。
Such was Catherine's impression on people that even her enemy, Thomas Cromwell, said of her, 这就是凯瑟琳给人们的印象，就连她的敌人托马斯·克伦威尔都这样评价她，
"If not for her sex, she could have defied all the heroes of history". “如果不是因为她的性别，她可能会挑战历史上，所有的英雄。”
In the winter of 1532, 1532年冬天，
Anne and Henry journey to Calais to gain the approval of King Francis I of France. 安妮和亨利前往加莱，以获得法国国王弗朗西斯一世的“认可”。
In a private conference with Anne,he gives them his blessing. 在与安妮的一次私人会面中，法王给予了英王伉俪以祝福。
And by the time they reach Dover on their ship, they are lovers. 当他们乘船到达多佛时，他们还是一对儿相爱的恋人。
They wed hurriedly in secret and again publicly two months later and Anne is crowned queen. 他们匆忙秘密结婚，两个月后又公开结婚，安妮加冕为王后。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Henry had moved heaven and earth to marry Anne Boleyn,and the price for crowning her 亨利为了娶安妮·博林不惜一切代价，为她加冕的回报，
was the delivery of the much longed for male heir that Henry so desired. 是想要生下，亨利渴望已久的，男性继承人。
But the child that Anne had in 1533 wasn't a son, 但安妮1533年生下的孩子，并不是儿子， （欧文.埃默森博士，都铎历史学家）
it was a daughter, the future Elizabeth I. 而是一个女儿，未来的伊丽莎白一世。
- Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace in September, 1533. -伊丽莎白于1533年9月，出生在格林威治宫。
She's the first child of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, the first since the break with Rome. 她是亨利八世和安妮·博林的第一个孩子，也是与罗马教廷决裂后的第一个孩子。
So her birth was really looked forward to. 所以，她的出生，是非常期待的。
Henry certainly was expecting a son. 亨利当然是想要个儿子。
We know that in fact,because he prepares the birth announcements for the birth of a Prince. 事实上，我们知道这一点，因为他为未来王子的出生，准备了出生公告。
Unfortunately for her parents,of course, she is a girl. 当然，对她的父母来说不幸的是，她是个 女孩。
And the birth announcements are amended to add an "s" to say Princess. 而出生公告也被修改了，增加了一个“s”来表示公主。
- Now some historians have suggested that Henry was furious at Anne for the delivery of a daughter -现在的一些历史学家认为，亨利对安妮生下女儿很生气，
and indeed that this was the beginning of the end of their relationship, 这是他们良好关系结束的开始，
but actually we have good evidence 但我们有很好的证据表明，
that Henry consoled Anne and suggested that 亨利当时安慰安妮，并说：
the delivery of a healthy daughter was a good sign for the sons that would follow. 生下一个健康的女儿，对接下来的儿子们来说，是一个好兆头。
- Elizabeth's birth was disappointing. -伊丽莎白的出生令人失望。
He really did want to have a son, 亨利真的很想要一个儿子，
but he knew that both he and Anne were young enough to have more children 但他知道他和安妮都还年轻，可以有更多的孩子，
and Anne does quickly become pregnant again the following year. 安妮很快就在第二年，又怀孕了。
Henry VIII loved jousting and it is an incredibly dangerous sport. 亨利八世喜欢比武，这是一项非常危险的运动。
Once in his youth actually,he came close to being killed 在他年轻的时候，有一次他差点被杀，
when he forgot to put the visor down on his helmet and his friend the Duke of Suffolk didn't notice 因为他忘了放下头盔上的面罩，他的朋友萨福克公爵没有注意到，
and jousted at him and actually the lance splintered and he was very lucky to survive. 向他猛刺，枪裂了，亨利很幸运地，活了下来。
- [Dr. Emmerson] In 1536, —[埃默森博士] 在1536年，
Henry suffered a disastrous accident whilst jousting. 亨利在比武时，遭遇了一场灾难性的事故。
Some reports state that he was unconscious, whilst others just mentioned the fact that he was severely injured. 一些报道说，他失去了意识，而另一些报道，只是提到他受了重伤。
- [Dr. Norton] He fell badly and his horse landed on top of him. -[诺顿博士] 他重重地摔了一跤，他的马压在他身上。
- [Dr. Emmerson] This really changed Henry's lifestyle. -[埃默森博士] 这真的改变了亨利的生活方式。
It, in many ways,emasculated him. 这在很多方面，削弱了他的力量。
- [Dr. Norton] One account suggested he was unconscious for several hours, -[诺顿博士] 一种说法是，他昏迷了几个小时，
and there were also suggestions that perhaps there was some sort of brain damage. 也有迹象表明，可能存在某种脑损伤。
- I think this is a turning point in Henry's life and not for the better. -我觉得，这是亨利人生的转折点，而且不是往好的方向发展。
- [Narrator] He will never recover from his injuries. -[旁白] 他永远无法从伤病中，恢复过来。
- [Dr. Emmerson] I think this narrowing of his abilities - [埃默森博士] 我认为他能力的缩小
and I think this continual pain that Henry is in, 和亨利持续的痛苦，
really changes his personality. 真的改变了他的性格。
I think he becomes hotheaded and irrational 我认为，他会变得急躁和不理智，
and would lash out to a degree that he hadn't previously. 并且会达到，他以前从未有过的程度。
- [Dr. Norton] And it really hammered home to the King and to his court, -[诺顿博士] 这件事更加深深地刺激了国王和他的宫廷，
he still did not have a legitimate male heir. 他仍然没有，合法的男性继承人。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Not long after Henry's jousting accident, -[埃默森博士] 亨利的比武事故发生后不久，
Anne tragically miscarries. 安妮不幸流产了。
- [Dr. Norton] Anne Boleyn would blame her final miscarriage on the news of the King's accident. -[诺顿博士] 安妮·博林会把她最后的流产，归咎于国王出事的消息。
- And I think this is the beginning of the end of Anne's life. -我觉得，这是安妮走向末路的开始。
- [Dr. Norton] Henry told Anne that he could see that he would have no more boys by her,which was particularly ominous. 亨利告诉安妮，他知道他不会再给她生男孩了，这是一个特别不祥的预兆。
- [Narrator] The trauma of Henry's injury and Anne's miscarriage has put the couple at odds. -[旁白] 亨利受伤加上安妮的流产，引起的情感创伤，使这对夫妇不和。
- Henry by this stage was involved with Anne's lady in waiting, Jane Seymour, 此时亨利已经和安妮的侍女简·西摩，有了关系，
who had herself declared that she would not become the King's mistress. 简·西摩自己也宣布，不会成为国王的情妇。
- [Narrator] Thomas Cromwell and Anne, who had once been united in the pursuit of the same cause, -[旁白] 托马斯·克伦威尔和安妮，曾经为了同一个事业，团结在一起，
are now warring over the King's favor. 现在，却为了国王的青睐，而互相明争暗斗。
In the ensuing weeks, Anne makes one crucial mistake. 在接下来的几周里，安妮犯了一个关键的错误。
She threatens Cromwell's life. 她威胁，要杀克伦威尔。
- The end for Anne came very quickly. - 安妮的结局，来得很快。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Very dramatically, on the 2nd of May, 1536, -[埃默森博士] 非常戏剧性的是，1536年5月2日，
Anne is arrested at the Palace of Greenwich and is taken to the Tower of London. 安妮在格林尼治宫被捕，并被押往伦敦塔。
She has no idea why she has been arrested,but two people do. 她不知道自己为什么被捕，但有两个人知道。
Her husband Henry VIII and his minister Thomas Cromwell. 她的丈夫亨利八世，和他的大臣，托马斯·克伦威尔。
- [Narrator] Cromwell poisons Henry against her and she is arrested and charged -[旁白] 克伦威尔挑唆亨利反对她，她被逮捕，并被控
with adultery, incest, and treason. 通奸、乱伦和叛国罪。
Anne is executed on the 19th of May, 1536, by the blade of a French swordsman. 1536年5月19日，安妮被一名从法国聘请的挥刀刽子手，砍下了头颅。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Henry ordered that a cannon was fired at the moment that Anne was executed. - [埃默森博士] 亨利下令在安妮被处决的那一刻，鸣响了一门大炮。
And this was his cue to move on. 这是他采取下一步行动的“暗号”。
Indeed, he proposed to Jane Seymour the next day 事实上，他第二天就向简·西摩求婚了，
and they were married only two weeks later. 两周后，他们就结婚了。
Compared to Henry's first two queens, 与亨利的前两位王后相比，
Jane Seymour was rather less complicated. 简·西摩没那么复杂。
She was rather meek and slightly milder than Catherine and Anne 她比凯瑟琳和安妮更温顺，更温和，
and was certainly happy to be more pliant to Henry's will. 当然也更愿意服从亨利的意愿。
- [Dr. Norton] It is a marriage that he hopes will bear sons. -[诺顿博士]他希望这桩婚姻，能孕育出儿子。
Jane comes from a very fertile family. 简来自一个非常富有的家庭。
She has many brothers and he's hopeful that Jane will prove a very different wife to Anne Boleyn. 她有很多兄弟，他希望简能成为，与安妮·博林完全不同的另一个妻子。
Finally at the start of 1537, 终于，在1537年初，
Jane realizes she's pregnant and when she feels the baby quicken, 简意识到自己怀孕了，当她感觉到婴儿在胎动时，
so she feels the baby move, the whole country erupts into celebration. 她感觉到，婴儿在快出生了，整个国家都开始庆祝。
Henry is incredibly solicitous throughout her pregnancy, 亨利在她怀孕期间非常关心她，
he vows to remain close to her, so she's not frightened by any rumors. 他发誓，要和她终相厮守，所以，她不会被任何谣言吓倒。
This is probably a reference to Anne Boleyn's final miscarriage 这可能是指安妮·博林最后的那次流产，
and the fact that she blamed it on Henry's fall from a horse. 安妮把这归咎于，亨利从马上摔下来。
- [Dr. Emmerson] After many years of heartache, -[埃默森博士] 经过多年的心痛，
Jane Seymour finally gave Henry the son and heir that he so desperately craved. 简·西摩终于给亨利生下了，他渴望已久的 儿子和继承人。
- When Jane goes into labor in October, 1537, - 1537年10月，简临盆，
the whole country hold their breath and it's a very long, very arduous labor. 整个国家都屏住呼吸，这是一项非常漫长、非常艰苦的分娩。
Finally, after two days, Jane gives birth and it is a healthy prince and everybody celebrates. 两天后，简终于生下了孩子，这是一个健康的王子，大家都在庆祝。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Henry was elated. -[埃默森博士] 亨利很是兴高采烈。
There was much celebration throughout the kingdom and lavish feasts and jousts were prepared. 整个王国都举行了盛大的庆祝活动，并准备了丰盛的宴会和比武。
- [Dr. Norton] This is the moment that Henry has been waiting for, for nearly 30 years. -[诺顿博士] 这是亨利等待了近30年的时刻。
- [Narrator] To Henry's great relief, in October, 1537, a son is born, whom they call Edward. -[旁白] 让亨利松了一口气的是，1537年10月，一个儿子出生了，他们叫他爱德华。
- [Dr. Norton] And everything seems all right with Jane. -[诺顿博士] 简似乎一切都好。
She seems to be recovering well. 她似乎恢复得很好。
She's able to send out the official birth announcement shortly after the birth. 她能够在孩子出生后不久，发出官方的出生公告。
- But tragically all was not well in the birthing chamber. - 但不幸的是，在产房里一切，进行得都不顺利。
- Childbirth was a very,very common form of death for women in the period and Jane holds on until the 24th of October, 在那个时期，分娩是一种非常非常常见的女性死亡方式，简一直活到10月24日，
12 days after the birth of her son,before sadly dying in the night. 在她儿子出生12天后，简在夜里，悲伤地死去。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Henry VIII was absolutely crestfallen at the death of Jane Seymour. - [埃默森博士] 亨利八世对简·西摩的死灰心丧气。
He really appears to have entered into a prolonged period of mourning and depression. 他似乎真的进入了一段漫长的哀悼和抑郁期。
Henry at this point had gone through a huge amount of heart ache. 亨利此时，已经经历了巨大的心痛。
He had gone to extraordinary lengths to secure this son and heir 他竭尽全力保护这个儿子和继承人，
and then tragically his wife had been snatched away from him. 但不幸的是，他的妻子，却从他身边被夺走了。
He really must have felt that everything was stacked against him at this point. 在这一点上，他一定真的觉得，一切都对都他不利。
- [Narrator] Heartbroken without his third queen, Henry falls into a deep depression. -[旁白] 没有了第三个王后，亨利伤心欲绝，陷入了深深的抑郁。
Thomas Cromwell, one of the king's closest advisors, visits the king. 托马斯·克伦威尔，国王最亲密的顾问之一，来觐见国王。
He has a proposal. 他有个提议。
- [Dr. Norton] So most kings in the period chose their wives for diplomatic reasons. - [诺顿博士] 所以那个时期的大多数国王，选择妻子都是出于外交原因。
They wanted to make a grand foreign alliance which would bring friendship between the countries. 他们想建立一个强大的外交联盟，以增进结亲两国之间的友谊。
Henry had been unsuccessful in finding a French bride and then an imperial bride. 亨利找不到一位法国新娘，后来又找不到一位神圣罗马帝国的新娘。
- Rather like Anne Boleyn, -就像安妮·博林，
Thomas Cromwell was something of a religious radical 托马斯·克伦威尔是一名宗教激进分子，
and he understood that Henry's kingdom was rather less secure than it should be, 他明白，亨利的王国，真的欠缺安全感，
because of his newly founded Church of England. 就因为，他新近成立的英格兰国教。
Therefore, Cromwell's proposal was to create an alliance with a Protestant country. 因此，克伦威尔的建议是，与一个新教国家结盟。
- [Narrator] He explains that Henry should marry Anne of Cleaves, -[旁白] 他解释说，亨利应该娶克里维斯公国的安妮，
in a diplomatic move that would ensure a good relationship with the powerful duchy in the holy Roman empire. 这一外交举动，将确保与神圣罗马帝国强大的公国保持良好关系。
Intrigued by the proposition, Henry dispatches his favorite court painter, 亨利对这个提议很感兴趣，派遣了他最喜欢的宫廷画家，
Hans Holbein the Younger,to take her likeness. 小汉斯·霍尔拜因前去为她画像。
Months later, the painter returns with a portrait of a young and healthy woman. 几个月后，画家带着一幅年轻健康女子的画像回来了。
Henry agrees to the union. 亨利同意了这一结合。
- [Dr. Norton] The marriage contract was signed in September, 1539, -[诺顿博士] 婚姻契约于1539年9月签订，
and Anne then made her way towards England. 然后，安妮启程，前往英格兰。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Henry VIII's first meeting with Anne of Cleaves couldn't have gone worse. -[埃默森博士] 亨利八世和“克利维斯的安妮”的第一次会面，真是糟糕透了。
Anne was supposed to voyage to court to meet Henry, 安妮本应远行到宫廷，去见亨利，
but like a love sick boy,Henry can't wait to meet her and decides to visit her in disguise. 但就像一个患了恋爱病的男孩一样，亨利迫不及待地想见到她，并决定乔装拜访她。
- [Dr. Norton] Henry VIII arrived to find Anne of Cleaves looking out a window at a bear baiting below. -[诺顿博士]亨利八世到达时，发现“克利维斯的安妮”正从窗户往外，逗下面的熊。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Now, as part of court etiquette and as part of the language of courtly love, - [埃默森博士]现在，作为宫廷礼仪和“宫廷爱情”语言的一部分，
Henry's courtiers knew that Henry would often appear in disguise 亨利的朝臣们知道，亨利经常会乔装现身，
and they in turn were supposed to recognize the King no matter what he was wearing. 因此无论国王穿什么，他们都应该能认出他。
This was to flatter the king. 这是为了讨好国王。
Now Anne grew up in a completely different environment to this. 安妮在一个完全不同的环境中长大的。
She wasn't conversant in the language of courtly love at all and when Henry VIII burst into her chamber, 她完全不懂宫廷爱情的语言，当亨利八世闯入她的房间时，
she was completely unimpressed with this man that stood before her. 她对这个站在她面前的男人，完全不感兴趣。
- [Dr. Norton] Her visitor then left the room and returned wearing a purple cloak, -[诺顿博士] 她的客人离开了房间，回来时披着一件紫色的斗篷，
which was a cue for everyone to recognize the king. 这暗示着每个人都认出了国王。
And as they fell to their knees, 当他们跪倒在地，
Anne of course realized her mistake and recognized that this was Henry VIII, 安妮当然意识到了自己的错误，并意识到这就是亨利八世，
this was her suitor. 这是她的追求者。
But the damage had already been done. 但伤害已经造成了。
- And I think, actually,in that moment, -我想，其实在那一刻，
Henry VIII saw, perhaps for the first time in his life, 亨利八世也许有生以来第一次看到，
a genuine reaction to how unattractive he had become. 这是对他已经变得，多么没有“男性吸引力”的真实反应。
Anne hadn't recognized him as this all powerful majestic person. 安妮没有认出，他是这样一个强大有威严的人。
She'd simply seen an obese and slightly aging man before her. 她看到的，只是一个肥胖而略显衰老的男人。
Henry would leave that chamber and proclaim, 亨利离开了会客厅并宣布，
"I like her not" and state that she was nothing like as was depicted in her painting. “我不喜欢她”，并声明她一点也不像，她画像中描绘的那样。
- Actually most people seem to have agreed that the portrait was a good likeness, -事实上，大多数人似乎都认为这幅画很像，
but there was just something about Anne that didn't appeal to Henry. 但亨利对安妮有些地方不感兴趣。
- But I think the truth of the matter was -但我认为，真实的情况是，
that there was an ugly,aging and smelly person in that chamber 如果说，当时会客厅里，有一个丑陋的，衰老的，散发难闻气味儿的人，
and it wasn't Anne of Cleaves, it was Henry. 这个人绝不是“克里弗斯的安妮”，而是，亨利八世。
- [Narrator] Unable to get out of the marriage for fear of offending Europe, the couple marries. -[旁白] 由于害怕冒犯欧洲，无法摆脱婚姻，这对夫妇就这样结婚了。
Though they divorced soon, 虽然他们很快就离婚了，
as an alliance with Cleaves is less desirable. 因为与克利弗斯结盟，是不太必需的。
Anne is afforded the title, the King's sister, 安妮被封为“国王的妹妹”，
and gifted a great portfolio of properties. 并赠予了一大笔财产。
Henry is now 49 years old and once more without a queen. 亨利现在49岁了，又一次没有了王后。
- Having served Henry loyally for many years, -既然效忠亨利多年，
Thomas Cromwell was now seen by the king as the architect of this incredibly awkward marriage 托马斯·克伦威尔被国王视为，他和“克利弗斯的安妮”的
between Anne of Cleaves and himself and he really blamed Cromwell. 这桩尴尬婚姻的“媒婆”，国王将此归咎于克伦威尔。
- [Narrator] The Duke of Norfolk,a noble of conservative views, -[旁白] 诺福克公爵，一位观点保守的贵族，
and an old rival of the reformist Cromwell, has another proposal for the king. 也是“宗教改革派”克伦威尔的老对手，对国王又有一个提议。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Noticing how vulnerable Cromwell now was, - [埃默森博士] 注意到克伦威尔现在是多么的脆弱，
waiting in the wings was the Duke of Norfolk who had never been fond of Cromwell. 诺福克公爵正在伺机而动，他从未喜欢过克伦威尔。
And he had a niece who was in Anne of Cleaves employ, 他有个侄女受雇于“克利弗斯的安妮”，
Catherine Howard. 凯瑟琳·霍华德。
He saw this as an opportunity, 他认为这是一个机会，
not only to place his young niece in the King's bed, 不仅可以让他年轻的侄女上国王的床，
but also to bring down Cromwell. 还可以扳倒克伦威尔。
- [Narrator] He offers Henry the hand of his young niece,Catherine Howard, and convinces him that Cromwell -[旁白] 他把小侄女凯瑟琳·霍华德的手，递给亨利，并让他相信，那个克伦威尔
no longer prioritizes the King's wishes, but his own. 不再优先考虑国王的意愿，而是他自己的意愿。
Having fallen far from the King's graces, on the 28th of July, 1540, 由于远离了国王的恩宠，在1540年7月28日，
Cromwell is led to the scaffold at Tower Hill, 克伦威尔被送上塔山断头台，
where the executioner's axe awaits him. 刽子手的斧头在那里等着他。
- Cromwell has been sent to the Tower of London in disgrace and he isn't even afforded a trial. -克伦威尔被耻辱地送进了伦敦塔，他甚至没有得到审判。
He is actually condemned to death by an act of attainder. 他实际上是按照“褫夺公权法令”，判处死刑的。
In his last letter to King Henry VIII, 在他写给亨利八世国王的最后一封信中，
he writes a post script at the end of the letter 他在信的末尾写了一段附言，
begging three times for "Mercy, mercy, mercy". 三次乞求“怜悯，怜悯，怜悯”。
But no mercy came and Thomas Cromwell was taken to the public scaffold site on Tower Hill 但是，没有怜悯降临，托马斯.克伦威尔被带到了塔山的公开受刑台，
and beheaded on the very day that the king married Catherine Howard. 就在国王迎娶凯瑟琳.霍华德的当天，被斩首。
- [Dr. Norton] Catherine Howard is really Henry VIII's midlife crisis. -[诺顿博士] 凯瑟琳.霍华德真是亨利八世的“中年危机”。
She'd been a lady in waiting to Anne of Cleaves. 她曾是“克利弗斯安妮”的侍女。
She's a teenager. 她是个十几岁的孩子。
- Henry VIII is absolutely besotted by Catherine. -亨利八世完全被凯瑟琳迷住了。
He lavishes gifts upon her, jewelry and clothes, 他给她送了很多礼物，珠宝和衣服，
but soon rumors start a court, that all is not well with Catherine's past. 但很快就有传言，说凯瑟琳的“经历”并不好。
- [Dr. Norton] She was a woman with a past, -[诺顿博士] 她是一个有“经历”的女人，
or a girl with a past really, 或者是一个有“情史”的女孩，
and she'd had two previous lovers,one of which had been consummated. 她以前有过两个情人，其中一个已经完成了“圆房”。
- [Dr. Emmerson] And the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, leaves a letter for the king to find -[埃默森博士]坎特伯雷大主教托马斯·克兰默给国王留下了一封信，
which details some troubling facts about Catherine's past. 希望他能查证到，关于凯瑟琳过去的一些“令人不安”的细节。
At first, Henry VIII is entirely dismissive of these claims, 起初，亨利八世对这些说法完全不屑一顾，
but he does order that Thomas Cranmer investigate. 但他确实命令托马斯·克兰默进行调查。
But then things take a turn for the worse. 但随后，事情变得更糟了。
A letter is discovered in the possession of Thomas Culpeper, 在托马斯·卡尔佩珀处发现了一封信，
one of Henry VIII's favorites at court. 此人是亨利八世的宠臣。
This is a romantic letter. 这是一封情书。
It talks of Catherine longing to see him 信中说凯瑟琳渴望见到他，
and this sends Henry into an absolute rage. 这让亨利勃然大怒。
He is blinded by this rage and suggests that 他被这种愤怒蒙蔽了双眼，并暗示
he's going to kill Catherine with his own sword. 他要用自己的剑杀死凯瑟琳。
She is confined to her apartments and then is imprisoned at Syon Abbey. 她被限制在她的住所里，然后被囚禁在锡恩修道院。
But rather unlike Anne, 但与安妮不同的是，
who is dispatched within 19 days of her arrest, 在被拘禁的19天内，
Catherine languishes in prison. 凯瑟琳在监牢里受尽折磨。
Henry can't quite believe what has happened. 亨利不敢相信所发生的事。
It is reported at this time that there is no more room in the Tower of London, 据报道，现在伦敦塔已经人满为患了，
for it is so full of Howard's relatives. 因为里面全是，与霍华德有关系的人。
And eventually Catherine is taken herself to the Tower of London. 最后，凯瑟琳被带到伦敦塔。
She is taken to the Queen's Apartment and is afforded a private execution on Tower Green. 她被带到王后的房间，并在塔楼绿地被秘密处决。
Henry VIII's sixth and final queen was Catherine Parr. 亨利八世的第六位，也是最后一位王后是凯瑟琳·帕尔。
Catherine was a relatively young woman when Henry first took notice of her, 当亨利第一次注意到凯瑟琳时，她还是一个相对年轻的女人，
but actually she had already been twice widowed. 但实际上她已经两次丧偶了。
- She was very, very reluctant to marry Henry -她非常非常不愿意嫁给亨利，
and actually seems to have been quite horrified when he declared his interest in her. 实际上当他宣布对她感兴趣时，她似乎很害怕。
Henry, however,would not be refused. 然而，亨利并没有被拒绝。
There are claims that Catherine actually said it was better to be his mistress than his wife. 有说法称，凯瑟琳实际上说过，做他的情妇，比做他的妻子要好。
But if that was the case, he ignored her and insisted on marriage. 但如果是这样的话，他不理会她的要求，坚持要结婚。
- [Dr. Emmerson] I think at this point in his life, -[埃默森博士] 我想，在他人生的这个阶段，
Henry is looking forpeace and stability and looks to Catherine Parr to rehabilitate his family life, 亨利在寻找和平与稳定，他希望凯瑟琳·帕尔能恢复他的家庭生活，
to bring his children together, 让他的孩子们聚在一起，
and to bring harmony once more to the royal family. 并为王室带来和谐。
- Catherine is incredibly fond of the King's daughters, - 凯瑟琳非常喜欢国王的女儿们，
Mary and Elizabeth, and indeed persuades Henry to restore the girls to the line of succession. 玛丽和伊丽莎白，并说服亨利，恢复这两个女孩的继承权。
- Catherine Parr is an incredibly intelligent woman. -凯瑟琳·帕尔是一个非常聪明的女人。
She is very well read, 她博览群书，
and has very radical religious ideas too. 也同样有非常激进的宗教改革思想。
She's also the first queen to ever publish a book 她也是第一位出版书籍的王后，
and the first woman to publish a book in England 也是第一位在英国，以自己的名义，
under her own name and in English. 用英语出版书籍的女性。
- Henry VIII had been ill on and off for the latter part of 1546. 1546年下半年，亨利八世断断续续地生病。
And just before Christmas he leaves the queen and his daughter Mary and goes to Westminster. 就在圣诞节前，他离开王后，和他的女儿玛丽，去了威斯敏斯特。
And it's clear very quickly that he's dying. 很明显，他很快就要死了。
He spent his last few weeks cloistered away with his counselor and particularly his secretary, William Paget, 他和他的顾问，尤其是他的秘书威廉·佩吉特一起，度过了生命的最后几周，
who is very close to Edward Seymour, 他和爱德华·西摩关系很好，
Henry's brother-in-law,the brother of Queen Jane and the uncle of the heir to the throne. 他是亨利的妻弟，简王后的弟弟，王位继承人的叔叔。
During this period, Henry asks that a new will is drawn up. 在此期间，亨利要求起草一份新的遗嘱。
He previously made a will 他之前立过遗嘱，
in the early days of his marriage to Catherine Parr and he seems to have named her as Regent in the event of his death, 在他与凯瑟琳·帕尔结婚的早期，他似乎已经决定，在他死后任命她为摄政王太后，
but this new will completely overturned that. 但这份新遗嘱，完全推翻了这一决定。
Instead of naming anyone as Regent, Henry in fact established a council of equal ranking executors. 亨利没有任命任何人为摄政，而是建立了一个，由同等级别执行者组成的委员会。
So all of these men have an equal role to play. 所以，所有这些人都有平等的角色。
And it was hoped that they would guide Edward through his minority into his adult reign. 人们希望，他们能引导爱德华，从他的幼年期，走向他的成年统治。
- [Narrator] On the 28th of January, 1547, -[旁白] 1547年1月28日，
Henry dies at age 55 at the Palace of Whitehall. 亨利在白厅宫去世，享年55岁。
His son Edward is little more than nine years old and is now King of England. 他的儿子爱德华才九岁多一点，现在是英格兰国王。
- Obviously he came to the throne as a child. -很明显他还是个孩子，就继承了王位。
He's nine years old. 他九岁了。
He's a shy, uncertain boy at his accession, to the extent that,at his coronation, 他在登基时是个害羞，不确定的男孩，以至于在他的加冕典礼上，
he actually forgets his French when he's talking to the ambassadors. 当他和大使们交谈时，他竟然忘记了他的法语。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Edward VI was a highly intelligent young man. -[埃默森博士] 爱德华六世是个非常聪明的年轻人。
He was well versed in most subjects and he was also a radical religious thinker. 他精通大多数学科，也是一位激进的宗教改革思想家。
This was certainly encouraged by his uncles who shared the Protestant faith. 这当然是受到，他信奉新教的舅舅们的鼓励。
In fact, he was something of a religious zealot 事实上，他是一个宗教狂热者，
and unlike his father, who remained a traditional Catholic, 不像他的父亲，他仍然是一个传统的天主教徒，
Edward imposed a fully Protestant reformation on England for the first time. 爱德华第一次在英格兰，推行了全面的新教改革。
- [Narrator] Edward enacts many Protestant reformations during his short reign. -[旁白] 爱德华在他短暂的统治期间，实施了许多新教改革。
By the time he is 12, multiple Catholic rebellions have been quelled, 到他12岁时，多次天主教叛乱都被平息，
prayer books published in his native English, 他还用他的母语 英语，出版的祈祷书，
and his uncle and protector, Edward Seymour, 而这时，他的舅舅兼保护者，爱德华·西摩
the Duke of Somerset has been executed. 第一任萨默塞特公爵，已被处决了。
- [Dr. Norton] And although his laws are overturned, in the reign of his half sister, -[诺顿博士] 虽然他的法律被推翻了，在他同父异母的姐姐统治时期，
his is a model that is followed by Elizabeth in her religious settlement with her book of common prayer, 他的法律，是伊丽莎白在她的宗教解决方案中所遵循的榜样，她写了《公祷书》，
which is, of course, Edward's book of common prayer. 而它当然是，爱德华的祈祷书。
He matures as a ruler in his six years. 在他六岁时，就成熟地像个统治者。
There are just signs,there are just hints of the monarch that he could have become. 有迹象表明，有迹象暗示，他可能成为君主。
- [Narrator] Edward is now 15 and is gravely ill. -[旁白] 爱德华现在15岁，却病得很重。
He has not had a chance to marry and sire an heir 他没有机会结婚生子，
and is loath to let his new Protestant England 也不愿让他信奉新教的新英格兰
fall into his sister,Mary's Catholic hands. 落入他的异母姐姐，天主教徒玛丽的手中。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Edward is a boy king and a fiercely Protestant one too. -[埃默森博士] 爱德华是一个少年国王，也是一个狂热的新教徒。
And his heir, at the time,is his elder sister Mary, 他的继承人，是他的姐姐玛丽，
who is a devout Catholic and a Roman Catholic too. 她是虔诚的天主教徒，也是遵从罗马教廷的天主教徒。
This causes enormous tensions between the two. 这导致了两者之间的，巨大紧张关系。
Their differences are so great, 他们之间的分歧如此之大，
that Edward cannot conceive of his sister Mary succeeding to the throne 以至于爱德华无法想象，他的姐姐玛丽会继承王位，
and undoing the Protestant reformation that he has enacted upon the country. 破坏他在这个国家推行的新教改革。
And he goes to great lengths in order to disinherit his sister from the line of succession. 他想尽办法，剥夺他异母姐姐的继承权。
- [Narrator] By June, he knows that he is dying. -[旁白]到了六月，他知道自己快死了。
He redrafts his will,naming his cousin, the 16 year old, Lady Jane Grey, his successor. 他重新起草了遗嘱，任命16岁的表妹简·格雷贵妇为继承人。
She will only be queen for nine days. 她的女王任期，只有九天。
- He unfortunately dies at the age of 15, -他不幸在15岁时去世，
but his legacy is certainly the Protestant reformation, 但他的遗产无疑是新教改革，
because it is under Edward that Protestantism becomes established in England. 因为正是在爱德华的领导下，新教在英格兰建立起来。
When we think about Edward,we often think of him as a boy King, as a footnote to the reign of his father, 当我们想到爱德华时，我们通常认为他是一个小国王，是他父亲统治的一个注脚，
but actually the Protestant reformation 但实际上，新教改革
really should set his reign apart 确实应该将从他的统治分开来，
and we should look more closely at just what Edward achieved. 我们应该更仔细地研究，爱德华的成就。
- In the wake of Edward's death, -在爱德华死后，
Lady Jane Grey is suddenly proclaimed Queen 简·格雷贵妇，突然被宣布为女王，
and is taken to the Tower of London, 并被带到伦敦塔，
which is usually at the center of political power at the point of a coronation. 这里通常是，加冕仪式的政治权力中心。
- [Narrator] Mary arrives in London with an army of men and seizes the Tower of London. -[旁白] 玛丽带着一支军队来到伦敦，占领了伦敦塔。
Lady Jane Gray is arrested and later executed. 简·格雷贵妇被捕，随后被处决。
And Mary takes her rightful place on the throne of England. 玛丽获得了她应得的英格兰王位。
The eldest child of Henry VIII,Mary is a devout Catholic. 玛丽是亨利八世的长女，是一位虔诚的天主教徒。
She swiftly unravels all of the Protestant policies of her brother and declares her parents' marriage valid. 她迅速解除了她异母弟弟的所有新教政策，并宣布她父母的婚姻有效。
Now age 37, she starts her search for a husband. 现年37岁的她，开始寻找丈夫。
She decides to ally herself with Catholic Spain by marrying her cousin, King Philip II. 她决定嫁给她的表兄菲利普二世，与信奉天主教的西班牙结盟。
Philip would become her co-ruler and King of England, as well as King of Spain. 菲利普将成为她的共同统治者和英国国王，以及西班牙国王。
- [Dr. Emmerson] When Mary came to the throne, - [埃默森博士] 当玛丽登上王位，
one of her first actions was to finally marry 她做的第一件事就是，结婚，
and she chose for her husband, King Philip II of Spain. 她选择了西班牙国王菲利普二世，作为她的丈夫。
- [Dr. Norton] And it's a really good match for Mary. -[诺顿博士] 这对玛丽来说，真的很合适。
He is the son of the Holy Roman Emperor, so one of the most powerful princes in Europe. 他是神圣罗马帝国皇帝的儿子，是欧洲最有权势的王子之一。
And Mary has always been very close to her Spanish relatives 玛丽和她的西班牙亲戚关系，一直很亲密，
and so she is very, very excited by her marriage to Philip. 所以，她对嫁给菲利普，感到非常非常兴奋。
- Mary was desperate to beget a son and heir to secure her own succession. -玛丽迫切希望生个儿子和继承人，以确保自己的继承权。
- Unfortunately,it is an incredibly unpopular marriage in England because in the 16th century, -不幸的是，这种婚姻，在英国非常不受欢迎，因为在16世纪，
the husband of a Queen, is a King, 王后的丈夫，就是国王，
so whoever Mary marries will become King of England, 所以，无论玛丽嫁给谁，谁都将成为英格兰国王，
and nobody wants a Spanish King. 没人想要西班牙人，做英格兰国王
- [Narrator] Such was the dislike for a foreign man to sit on the throne of England alongside Mary, -[旁白]这就是对一个外国人，和玛丽一起，坐在英格兰王位上的厌恶，
rebellion sparks. 叛乱的火花将点燃。
- [Dr. Norton] Early in 1554, —[诺顿博士] 1554年初，
there is a great rebellion against Mary. 有一场反对玛丽的大叛乱。
It is led by Sir Thomas Wyatt and it begins in Kent. 它由托马斯·怀亚特爵士领导，从肯特郡开始。
- Thomas Wyatt rebels in favor of Princess Elizabeth ascending to the throne. -托马斯·怀亚特造反，支持伊丽莎白公主登上王位。
- [Dr. Norton] Wyatt marches his troops up to London -[诺顿博士] 怀亚特将他的军队带到了伦敦，
and actually it's really,it's a very, very dangerous 实际上，这对玛丽来说，
situation for Mary and she's urged to flee her capital by her advisors. 是一个非常、非常危险的局面，她的顾问敦促她，逃离她的首都。
She refuses and actually makes a speech at the Guild Hall in London 实际上，玛丽拒绝了，她在伦敦的公会大厅里，做了一个演讲,
and it's absolutely the speech of her life and we can see Elizabeth modeling later speeches on this. 这绝对是她生命攸关的演讲,我们可以看到，伊丽莎白后来也借鉴了这种演讲模式。
Mary talks about being married to her country 玛丽说，她嫁给了她的国家，
and it really rallies the people of London in her support 这让伦敦人民团结起来支持她，
so that when Wyatt's troops cross the river into London, 所以当怀亚特的军队过河进入伦敦时，
they are met with a substantial army 他们遇到了一支强大的军队，
and they are defeated that day. 那天他们被打败了。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Mary believes that Elizabeth - [埃默森博士] 玛丽认为伊丽莎白
is part of this conspiracy and arrests her sister, 参与了这场阴谋，于是逮捕了她的妹妹，
imprisoning her in the Tower of London. 并将她囚禁在伦敦塔。
Indeed, it is likely she is held in the very same rooms that her mother was once held in. 事实上，她很可能被关在，她母亲曾经被关过的，同一间牢房里。
This must have been terrifying for Elizabeth. 这对伊丽莎白来说，一定很可怕。
However, Mary ultimately knew that Elizabeth was her only heir. 然而，玛丽最终知道，伊丽莎白是她唯一的继承人。
There was no one else to succeed her, so therefore she had no choice but to let Elizabeth go. 没有其他人可以接替她，因此她别无选择，只能释放了伊丽莎白。
- [Narrator] She is desperate for an heir of her own. -[旁白] 她渴望有自己的继承人。
She learned from her own succession to power that without an heir all her reformation would be undone. 玛丽从自己的权力继承中了解到，如果没有继承人，她所有的改革，都将付诸东流。
- Mary believed that she came to the throne with God's favor, that God had supported her, -玛丽相信，她是在上帝的眷顾下登上王位的，上帝一直支持着她，
so she sees her queenship as divinely inspired. 所以，她认为她的王位，是神圣的。
So it seems only natural that she will give birth to a Catholic heir to the throne 因此，为了让同父异母的妹妹远离王位，她生下一个天主教的
to keep her half sister away from the crown. 王位继承人，似乎是很自然的。
- Mary was determined to have a son and heir, -玛丽决心要一个儿子和继承人，
and at one point she believed very much that she was pregnant. 她一度坚信自己怀孕了。
- So she has all the symptoms of pregnancy. -所以，她有怀孕的所有症状。
The doctors agree. 医生们表示同意。
Everyone is very, very excited and she makes preparations for the birth. 每个人都非常非常兴奋，她在为孩子的出生做准备。
She then retires for her lying in, 然后她躺在床上，
which is usually about a month before a woman believes she'll give birth, 然后她就会躺着休息，这通常是在一个女人认为自己会生孩子的一个月前，
and so she waits,and then she waits, and she waits some more and nothing happens. 所以她就等了又等，一等再等，然而，什么也没发生。
- Tragically, this was a phantom pregnancy and no children ever came from her marriage to Philip. -不幸的是，这是一次假怀孕，她和菲利普的婚姻中没有孩子。
- [Narrator] Heartbroken and grieving, -[旁白]伤心欲裂的玛丽认为
Mary considers her false pregnancy to be God's punishment 她的“假妊娠”，是上帝对她的惩罚，
for her having tolerated heretics in her realm. 惩罚她在统治中，容忍异教徒。
With her husband away at war with France, 此时，她的丈夫外出与法国作战，
the queen's persecution of Protestants becomes more and more violent. 女王对新教徒的迫害，变得越来越暴力。
To believe in a different God than that of the monarch was an act of disloyalty, 信仰不同于君主所信仰的上帝，是一种不忠的行为，
so heresy was both a civil and religious offense which amounted to treason. 因此，异端邪说是一种民事和宗教罪行，相当于叛国。
As a result, many people were arrested, 结果，许多人被逮捕、
imprisoned, and executed, including the Archbishop of Canterbury, 监禁和处决，其中包括为亨利八世
Thomas Cranmer, who served both Henry VIII and Edward VI. 和爱德华六世服务的坎特伯雷大主教，托马斯·克兰默。
The Archbishop would be one of the thousands burned at the stake for their faith during Mary's reign. 在玛丽统治期间，大主教将成为，被烧死在火刑柱上的数千人之一。
As a result of these burnings,she gains the name Bloody Mary. 由于这些火刑，她获得了“血腥玛丽”的称号。
- [Dr. Norton] By the start of 1558, - [诺顿博士] 在1558年初，
it is clear that it's only a matter of time before Elizabeth takes her throne. 很明显，伊丽莎白即位，只是时间问题。
Mary is not going to have a child and her health is declining. 玛丽不打算要孩子了，她的健康状况正在恶化。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Mary has gone down in history -[埃默森博士]玛丽在历史上
as Bloody Mary, which I think is particularly unkind. 被称为血腥玛丽，我认为，这是特别不友善的。
She was England's first Queen Regnant, 她是英国第一任女王，
who reigned in her own right, 她以自己的权利统治，
so I think it's uniquely unfair and even misogynistic to land Mary 所以，我认为，给玛丽这个不幸的头衔是非常不公平的，
with this really unfortunate title. 甚至是歧视女性的表现。
- [Narrator] The Bishop of Winchester, John White, praises Mary at her funeral service. -[旁白] 温彻斯特主教约翰·怀特在玛丽的葬礼上称赞她。
"She was a King's daughter,she was a King's sister, “她是国王的女儿，她是国王的妹妹，
she was a King's wife, she was a Queen, “她是国王的妻子，她是女王，
and by the same title, a King also". “同样的头衔，她也是国王。”
- [Dr. Emmerson] After only five years on the throne and having provided no heir, Mary dies in 1558, -[埃默森博士] 玛丽在位仅5年，没有后嗣，于1558年去世，
leaving her throne begrudgingly to her Protestant sister, Elizabeth. 不情愿地将王位，留给了她的新教妹妹，伊丽莎白。
- [Dr. Norton] Following her accession at Hatfield, -[诺顿博士] 在哈特菲尔德登基之后，
Elizabeth makes her way to London. 伊丽莎白去了伦敦。
She's met by cheering crowds. 她受到欢呼的人群的欢迎。
She is Henry VIII's daughter, and in fact,her coronation portrait is very much reminiscent of her father. 她是亨利八世的女儿，事实上，她的加冕肖像，很像她的父亲。
She's displaying herself as Henry VIII's daughter. 她在展示自己，是亨利八世的女儿。
- [Narrator] Her coronation is set for 15th of January, 1559, an auspicious day -[旁白]她的加冕典礼定在1559年1月15日，这个日期
selected by the court astrologer, Dr. John D. 是宫廷占星家约翰·D·约翰博士选定的吉日。
- [Dr. Emmerson] And they hoped that the young Elizabeth -[埃默森博士] 他们希望年轻的伊丽莎白
would provide more stability,more peace and harmony. 能带来更多的稳定、更多的和平与和谐。
- [Narrator] Elizabeth like her brother before her -[旁白]伊丽莎白和她之前的弟弟一样，
is zealous in her commitment to the Protestant cause, 对新教事业充满热情，
but she knows from witnessing firsthand 但她亲眼目睹了
the decisions made by her sister, Mary, 她姐姐玛丽所做的
pertaining to religion,that forced conversion 与宗教有关的决定，她知道，强迫皈依
can only end in terror and in bloodshed. 只能以恐怖和流血告终。
- When Elizabeth became Queen,England was a Catholic country. -伊丽莎白成为女王时，英格兰是一个天主教国家。
And so the question of what the state religion would be was really on everybody's lips 所以，国教是什么，这个问题，是每个人都关心的问题，
because she was well known to be a Protestant. 因为，她是一个众所周知的新教徒。
In 1559, she created her religious settlement 1559年，她建立了自己的宗教解决方案，
where she set the state religion and it was a Protestant church. 在这方案里，她设立了国教，这是一个新教教会。
- But when she came to the throne, she knew that she had to be pragmatic. -但当她登上王位时，她知道她必须务实。
She knew that she needed to unify her kingdom. 她知道，她需要统一她的王国。
She stated that she had no desire to open windows into men's souls, 她说，她不奢望，去打开人们灵魂的窗户，
and this must have been something of a relief to her kingdom. 这对她的王国来说，一定是一种解脱。
- Elizabeth tried to take something of a compromise approach, something of a middle way. 伊丽莎白试图采取妥协的方式，走中间路线。
Some Catholics refused to come to church. 一些天主教徒拒绝去教堂。
And actually, although Elizabeth has this reputation for moderacy, 事实上，尽管伊丽莎白以温和著称，
the penalties against Catholics who wouldn't conform could be very severe and went all the way up to execution. 但对不守规矩的天主教徒的惩罚,可能非常严厉，甚至会被处以死刑。
- Elizabeth unfortunately suffered many illnesses during her early reign,including catching smallpox. 不幸的是，伊丽莎白在她统治的早期，遭受了许多疾病，包括感染天花。
This created great anxiety throughout the country and not least in her counsel. 这在全国引起了极大的焦虑，尤其是在她的顾问中。
Elizabeth, of course, was unmarried at this point. 当然，伊丽莎白当时还没有结婚。
She had no children, no heir. 她没有孩子，没有继承人。
- [Dr. Norton] Under the laws of succession, the next in line to the throne was Catherine Grey. 根据继承法，王位的下一位继承人，是凯瑟琳·格雷。
However, she was then a prisoner in the tower because she had made a secret marriage to the Earl of Hartford, 然而，她当时被关在塔里，因为她与哈特福德伯爵秘密结婚，
and Elizabeth in her anger had invalidated the marriage and imprisoned Catherine and her husband, 愤怒的伊丽莎白宣布婚姻无效，并监禁了凯瑟琳和她的丈夫，
and Catherine's infant children. 还有凯瑟琳的孩子们。
If you look at strict hereditary, 如果你看一下严格的世袭，
the heir to throne was Mary Queen of Scots, 王位继承人是苏格兰的玛丽女王，
who was unlikely to appeal to anyone in England. 她不太可能吸引英格兰的任何人。
She's a Catholic, she's educated in France,she's a foreign ruler. 她是天主教徒，在法国接受教育，她是外国统治者。
So it's a real constitutional crisis and the Privy Council meet to decide who will be the heir. 所以，这是一场真正的宪法危机，枢密院开会决定，谁将成为继承人。
- What would happen to the Tudor dynasty if she were to die without one? -如果她死的时候没有一个继承人，都铎王朝会怎么样?
- No one is quite clear what will happen and it really hammers home the uncertainties, -没人知道接，下来会发生什么，这让人们更加清楚地认识到不确定性，
the fact that the stability in England hangs on the life of just one woman. 事实是，英格兰的稳定，取决于一个女人的生命。
- [Narrator] The monarch must secure the succession of the house of Tudor. -[旁白]君主必须确保，都铎王朝的继承。
She knows that she is the last of her siblings. 她知道，她是她最后的同宗兄弟姐妹。
She is the third and final of Henry VIII's surviving children. 她是亨利八世在世的第三个，也是最后一个孩子。
Her advisors think she needs a husband to support her and an heir to succeed her. 她的顾问认为，她需要一个丈夫来支持她，一个继承人来接替她。
- Elizabeth actually receives a deputation from the House of Commons not long after she becomes Queen, -伊丽莎白在成为女王后不久，就接待了公众民意的代表团，
where they petition her to marry. 他们请求她结婚。
She takes it in very good grace,but she says to them, you know, 她欣然接受了，但她对他们说，
"Since I've been a child, “从我还是个孩子的时候起，
I have decided that I'm going to remain unmarried “我就决定，我要保持童真，
and I'm going to be a virgin. “我要做一个处女。
I'm gonna reign as a virgin queen". 我将以童真女王的身份，统治世界。”
And it doesn't really cause any stir, which is surprising, but really, 令人惊讶的是，这并没有引起任何轰动，但实际上，
it's because nobody believed her. 这是因为，没有人相信她。
It was a ridiculous suggestion that this young girl of 25 would hope to reign as Queen. 这个25岁的年轻女孩，希望成为女王，这是一个荒谬的建议。
Of course, she had to marry. 当然，她必须结婚。
Of course, she had to give England a King. 当然，她必须给英格兰，一个国王。
Her role was to produce heirs to continue the dynasty. 她的职责，是生育继承人，来延续王朝。
- [Dr. Emmerson] I think Elizabeth chose not to marry for a number of different reasons. - [埃默森博士] 我认为，伊丽莎白选择不结婚，有很多不同的原因。
I think it began at an early age. 我想，这是从她很小的时候，就开始了。
I think she knew from the example set by firstly her mother, 我想，她首先从她母亲的“榜样”中知道，
and then her stepmother,Catherine Howard, 继而，是从她的继母凯瑟琳.霍华德的遭遇知道，
how vulnerable a Queen could be at the hands of a King. 一个王后，在国王面前是多么得脆弱。
I think this left a psychological imprint on Elizabeth's mind. 我想，这给伊丽莎白，留下了心理印记。
I think the thought of marrying terrified her, quite frankly. 坦率地说，我觉得，“结婚”的念头，吓坏了她。
But also Elizabeth was determined, 但伊丽莎白也下定决心，
perhaps for the first time in her life, 也许，这是她一生中第一次，
to have control over herself and of her kingdom. 要控制自己，和自己的王国。
She had been left incredibly vulnerable by the downfall of her mother, 由于她母亲的倒台，她变得非常脆弱，
and she had been de-legitimized, 她被剥夺了合法地位，
she had been removed from the succession. 她被排除在继承权之外。
And I think, in a way, 我想，在某种程度上，
Elizabeth wanted to rule without a husband. 伊丽莎白想要，在没有丈夫的情况下统治。
She knew that if she had married, her husband would automatically have become a King Regnant. 她知道，如果她结婚了，她的丈夫就会自动成为国王。
And Elizabeth wanted control not only of her own destiny, but that of her kingdom too. 伊丽莎白不仅想掌握自己的命运，还想掌握整个王国的命运。
- Mary Queen of Scots is undoubtedly Elizabeth's rival. - 苏格兰的玛丽女王，无疑是伊丽莎白的对手。
Mary was born in 1542 and when she was six days old, she became reigning queen of Scotland. 玛丽出生于1542年，出生6天后，她就成为了苏格兰的女王。
Mary is undoubtedly the biggest threat to Elizabeth, 玛丽，无疑是伊丽莎白最大的威胁，
and this is because of her place in the English succession. 这是因为，她在英格兰王位继承中的地位。
So Mary is effectively her heir. 所以，玛丽实际上是她的继承人。
She is the next hereditary heir to the throne. 她是王位的下一个世袭继承人。
- Mary Queen of Scots was Elizabeth's first cousin and she had something of a tempestuous rule in Scotland. - 苏格兰的玛丽女王是伊丽莎白的堂妹，她在苏格兰的统治是相当暴乱的。
Indeed, she was forced to abdicate her throne because of her actions. 事实上，由于玛丽的行为，玛丽女王被迫退位。
- [Dr. Norton] After she realized she couldn't stay in Scotland any longer, -[诺顿博士] 当玛丽意识到她不能再留在苏格兰后，
Mary fled to England and it was the absolute worst decision she could have taken 她逃到了英格兰，这绝对是她所能做的最糟糕的决定，
because Elizabeth was the one person who could never allow Mary to have her freedom. 因为伊丽莎白是唯一一个永远不能让玛丽获得自由的人。
Because Mary is such a threat to her rule. 因为，玛丽对她的统治构成了威胁。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Elizabeth knew that Mary as a Catholic -[埃默森博士] 伊丽莎白知道，作为天主教徒的玛丽，
would become a figurehead for those who opposed Elizabeth's rule. 会成为那些，反对伊丽莎白统治的人的傀儡。
Indeed, people already thought that Mary had a more legitimate claim to the English throne. 事实上，人们已经认为，玛丽对英格兰王位，有更合理的要求。
- And this really matters to Elizabeth because Elizabeth is still legally illegitimate. -这对伊丽莎白来说很重要，因为伊丽莎白在法律上，还是私生子。
So legally she has no title to her throne 所以从法律上讲，她除了通过议会法案
other than by act of parliament and by her father's will. 和她父亲的遗嘱之外没有王位的继承权。
When Elizabeth hears that Mary has landed in the north of England, 当伊丽莎白听说，玛丽在英格兰北部登陆时，
she orders that she be placed under house arrest and Mary remains imprisoned by Elizabeth, for 20 years. 她下令将她软禁起来，玛丽被伊丽莎白囚禁了20年。
The two women never meet. 这两个女人从未见过面。
Mary's desperate come to court to plead her case with Elizabeth and Elizabeth will not see her. 玛丽绝望地来到朝廷，向伊丽莎白申诉她的情况，但伊丽莎白不愿见她。
Instead, Mary slowly begins to lose hope 相反，玛丽慢慢地开始失去希望，
and she starts plotting against Elizabeth and there are several plots, at least, 她开始密谋反对伊丽莎白，至少在有几个阴谋中，
that her name is mentioned in or that she seems to have had direct involvement in. 她的名字被提到了，或者她似乎直接参与了。
- Mary did conspire to overthrow Elizabeth and to place herself on the English throne. -玛丽确实，密谋推翻伊丽莎白，并企图登上英国王位。
- [Dr. Norton] Lastly, of course,she's involved in the Babington plot where she gives her consent to murder Elizabeth. -[诺顿博士]最后，当然，她参与了巴宾顿的阴谋，她同意谋杀伊丽莎白。
In many respects, this is a really sensible policy for Mary, 从很多方面来说，这对玛丽来说都是一个明智的政策，
because actually,were Elizabeth to die, at any point during Mary's imprisonment, 因为实际上，如果伊丽莎白死了，在玛丽被监禁期间的任何时候，
it's really likely that Mary would be declared Queen of England. 玛丽都很有可能，被宣布为英格兰女王。
- [Narrator] She knows that there's just one heartbeat between her and the English throne. -[旁白] 她知道她离英格兰王位，只有一步之遥。
As her endless imprisonment continues, 随着她被无休止地监禁，
Mary's support for the murder of Elizabeth is evident, 玛丽显然支持谋杀伊丽莎白，
if that would lead to her own liberty and Catholic domination of England. 如果这能给她自己以自由，和天主教对英格兰的统治。
Then correspondence is intercepted by Elizabeth's men that will lead to Mary's demise. 然后，通信被伊丽莎白的人截获，这将导致玛丽的死亡。
The letter reads, 信中写道:
"Let the great plot commence", signed Mary. “让伟大的密谋开始吧。”玛丽签了字。
- It had been proved without doubt that Mary had consented to murder Elizabeth. -毫无疑问，事实证明，玛丽同意谋杀伊丽莎白。
Elizabeth knew that Mary wanted her dead. 伊丽莎白知道玛丽，想让她死。
- [Narrator] In 1586, after being convicted of treason, -[旁白]1586年，在被判叛国罪后，
having been implicated in the Babington plot, 由于牵涉到巴宾顿阴谋，
Elizabeth could not let the Scottish Queen live. 伊丽莎白不能让苏格兰女王活着。
Knowing that Mary's execution could spark a war with Catholic Europe, 她知道，玛丽的死刑可能会引发与天主教欧洲的战争，
she reluctantly signs the death warrant. 她不情愿地签署了死刑执行令。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Mary was executed at Fotheringhay Castle -[埃默森博士] 玛丽在福瑟林盖城堡被处决，
and her execution sent shock waves throughout Europe, 她的处决，在整个欧洲引起了震动，
not least in Spain. 尤其是在西班牙。
- [Narrator] The execution of Mary Queen of Scots broke international tensions and the Spanish made a move. -[旁白] 苏格兰玛丽女王的死刑，打破了国际紧张局势，西班牙人采取了行动。
Spain invades the English-occupied Netherlands, 西班牙入侵英国占领的荷兰，
then turns their enormous fleet of ships upon the island of Britain. 然后将其庞大的舰队，转向不列颠岛。
The Armada anchored off Calais, readying for attack. 无敌舰队在加莱附近，抛锚集结，准备发起进攻。
- [Dr. Norton] The English were expecting invasion from Spain, and Philip built a great fleet, -[诺顿博士] 英国人预料到，西班牙会入侵，腓力还建立了一支庞大的舰队，
the Spanish Armada. 西班牙的无敌舰队。
So Elizabeth goes to her troops at Tilbury to try and ready her forces. 于是，伊丽莎白回到蒂尔伯里的军队，准备迎战。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Elizabeth really showed her mettle at a speech that she gave at Tilbury. -[埃默森博士] 伊丽莎白在蒂尔伯里的一次演讲中，确实表现出了她的勇气。
- [Dr. Norton] She talks about having the body of a weak and feeble woman, -[诺顿博士] 她说，她有一个软弱无力的女人的身体，
but having the heart and stomach of a King, and a King of England. 但有一个国王的心和勇气，一个英格兰的国王。
She really rallies the troops. 她真能把部队召集起来。
She portrays herself as a war leader. 她把自己，描绘成一位战争领袖。
- The Spanish had a much larger fleet and the odds were stacked against the Queen. - 而西班牙人有一支更大的舰队，这让女王，处于不利的地位。
But then the weather breaks,storms form and winds blow, scattering the Spanish fleet. 但后来天气变了，风暴形成，狂风大作，西班牙舰队四散奔逃。
- [Dr. Norton] Her commanders, -[诺顿博士] 她的指挥官，
Lord Howard of Effingham and Francis Drake, 埃芬厄姆的霍华德勋爵和弗朗西斯·德雷克，
are able to scatter the Spanish fleet, 能够驱散西班牙舰队，
partly by aid of a Protestant wind that blows in the English favor. 部分原因是，新教徒的舰队当时处在，对英格兰有利的风向。
The Armada is entirely scattered, and in fact, 无敌舰队完全分散了，事实上，
the ships that remain have to sail all the way around Scotland and Ireland to get home to Spain, 剩下的船只不得不绕过苏格兰和爱尔兰，回到西班牙，
because they just cannot go back down the English Channel. 因为，他们无法沿着英吉利海峡回去。
- [Narrator] England sends burning fire ships, which scorch and sink the Armada's galleons. -[旁白] 英国派出了燃烧的火船，烧沉了无敌舰队的大帆船。
- [Dr. Norton] It is a triumph of Elizabeth's reign. -[诺顿博士]这是伊丽莎白统治的胜利。
- [Narrator] The English sailed back to Plymouth, victorious. -[旁白] 英国人胜利地驶回普利茅斯。
- [Dr. Emmerson] This is where the mythology of Elizabeth really starts. - [埃默森博士] 这就是伊丽莎白神话，真正开始的地方。
The truth of the matter is, that it was more the weather than anything that Elizabeth had done, 事实上，与其说是伊丽莎白的所作所为，不如说是由于天气的原因，
that was the downfall of the Armada. 导致了无敌舰队的覆灭。
But this is where Elizabeth,the powerful Virgin Queen, really comes into prominence. 但这是伊丽莎白，这位强大的童贞女王，真正引人注目的地方。
It is at this point that the mythology of Elizabeth begins. 伊丽莎白的神话，就是从这里开始的。
- [Narrator] From this point onwards, she becomes Gloriana,the Virgin Queen, -[旁白]从这一刻开始，她变成了格洛丽亚娜，童贞女王，
the semi-divine monarch of myth and of magic. 神话和魔法的半神半人的君主。
Under her steady and guiding hand, 在她坚定的领导下，
England grows more and more prosperous. 英格兰变得越来越繁荣。
- [Dr. Norton] If you'd asked Henry VIII back at his death to rank his children, -[诺顿博士] 如果你在亨利八世死后，让他给他的孩子排名，
Elizabeth would definitely be the least of his children. 伊丽莎白，绝对是，他最无足轻重的孩子。
And yet, actually, she is the one that we really remember. 然而，事实上，她是我们真正记得的人。
She reigns for 44 years. 她在位44年。
It's remembered as a time of general prosperity. 人们记得，那是一个普遍繁荣的时期。
- [Dr. Emmerson] Elizabeth's court was really the center of power in the kingdom. -[埃默森博士] 伊丽莎白的宫廷，是王国真正的权力中心。
This is where all of the decisions about policy are made, 这里是制定所有政策决策的地方，
but it's also a place of great exuberance. 但它也是一个生机勃勃，奋发进取的地方。
Elizabeth loved lavish celebrations. 伊丽莎白喜欢奢华的庆典。
She enjoyed hearty banquets, and above all, 她喜欢丰盛的宴会，更重要的是，
she loved dancing. 她喜欢跳舞。
- It's the age of Shakespeare,it's the age of exploration. - 这是莎士比亚的时代，这是探索的时代。
And Elizabeth's right at the center, reining alone. 伊丽莎白站在正中间，独自控制着局面。
- [Narrator] Elizabeth dies in 1603, -[旁白]伊丽莎白死于1603年，
and with her dies the Tudor dynasty. 都铎王朝也随之灭亡。
- Elizabeth was destined to be the last of her dynasty, -伊丽莎白注定是她王朝的最后一位继承人，
and of course she knew this. 她当然知道这一点。
She had no children, she had no nephews and nieces. 她没有孩子，没有侄子侄女。
There was no one else to carry on the Tudor line. 都铎王朝，没有其他人可以继承。
So in part, of course, her legacy is dynastic change and the fact that the King of Scots 当然，在某种程度上，她的遗产是王朝更迭，苏格兰国王
became the King of England and united the two kingdoms. 成为英格兰国王，统一了两个王国。
But her legacy is so much more than this. 但她的遗产，远不止这些。
- Elizabeth died childless and at the end of her reign came the end of the Tudor dynasty. - 伊丽莎白死时没有子嗣，在她的统治结束时，都铎王朝也结束了。
Actually, I think one of Elizabeth's greatest legacies 事实上，我认为伊丽莎白最伟大的遗产之一
was demonstrating that a queen could rule in her own right without a man. 就是证明了一个女王，可以在没有男人的情况下，独自统治。
She was a queen who did not need a king. 她是一个不需要国王的女王。
- [Dr. Norton] She was,undoubtedly, the woman that proved that women could reign in England. -[诺顿博士] 毫无疑问，她就是那个证明了，女人可以统治英格兰的女人。
She reigned for over 40 years and she reigned independently. 她独立统治了40多年。
She didn't have a king and she was very much in control of her kingdom. 她没有国王，完全掌控着自己的王国。
- [Narrator] James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England, -[旁白] 苏格兰的詹姆斯六世，成为英格兰的詹姆斯一世，
and a new era dawns in the battle for the English crown. 英格兰王位争夺战的新时代开始了。
翻译：hardstick 校订：hardstick 时间轴：hardstick